Estudio de susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas de primera generación en enterobacterias aisladas de urocultivo, según criterios CLSI y EUCAST / Susceptibility to first-generation Cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine culture according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints

Resumen Actualmente se recomienda el uso de cefazolina para determinar la susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales de primera generación en cepas de enterobacterias en ITU no complicada. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer la susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales en cepas urinarias según puntos de corte para cefalotina o cefazolina y la correlación de susceptibilidad entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo. Se estudió la concordancia entre cefalotina y cefazolina en 52 cepas por método de Kirby-Bauer y Vitek XL. En Escherichia coli fue de 0% para VitekXL y 50% para Kirby-Bauer. La concordancia entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo fue 95,6%. En el laboratorio debiera usarse cefazolina para determinar susceptibilidad a cefalosporinas orales de primera generación. La concordancia entre cefazolina y cefadroxilo sugiere que cefazolina podría predecir susceptibilidad para cefadroxilo.

Currently, the use of cefazolin is recommended to determine the susceptibility to first-generation oral cephalosporins in strains of enterobacteria in uncomplicated UTI. We determined susceptibility differences to oral cephalosporins in urinary strains according to cefazolin or cefalotin breakpoints and the correlation of susceptibility between cefazolin and cefadroxil. We studied 52 strains with cefalotin and cefazolin by disk-diffusion and MIC (Kirby-Bauer and Vitek XL) and a subgroup by disk-diffusion for cefadroxil. Agreement among different methods was 100% for K. pneumoniae and Proteus spp. In Escherichia coli, agreement for Vitek and disk-diffusion were 0 and 50% respectively. Susceptibility to first generation cephalosporins in E. coli should be determined with cefazolin. Agreement between cefazolin and cefadroxil suggests that cefazolin could also predict the susceptibility of cefadroxil.

The potential role of amlodipine on experimentally induced bacterial rhinosinusitis / O papel potencial da amlodipina na rinossinusite bacteriana induzida experimentalmente

Abstract Introduction: Antibiotics are frequently used for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. Concerns have been raised regarding the adverse effects of antibiotics and growing resistance. The lack of development of new antibiotic compounds has increased the necessity for exploration of non-antibiotic compounds that have antibacterial activity. Amlodipine is a non-antibiotic compound with anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: In this study we aimed to investigate the potential role of amlodipine in the treatment of rhinosinusitis by evaluating its effects on tissue oxidative status, mucosal histology and inflammation. Methods: Fifteen adult albino guinea pigs were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with saline, cefazolin sodium, or amlodipine for 7 days. The control group was composed by five healthy guinea pigs. Animals were sacrificed after the treatment. Histopathological changes were identified using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Inflammation was assessed by Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte infiltration density. Tissue levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione) and an oxidative product (malondialdehyde) were determined. Results: In rhinosinusitis induced animals, amlodipine reduced loss of cilia, lamina propria edema and collagen deposition compared to placebo (saline) and although not superior to cefazolin, amlodipine decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. The superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels were reduced, whereas the malondialdehyde levels were increased significantly in all three-treatment groups compared to the control group. Amlodipine treated group showed significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels compared to all treatment groups. Conclusion: The non-antibiotic compound amlodipine may have a role in acute rhinosinusitis treatment through tissue protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Resumo Introdução: Antibióticos são frequentemente usados para o tratamento de rinossinusite. Questões têm sido levantadas sobre os efeitos adversos dos antibióticos e a resistência crescente. A falta de desenvolvimento de novos compostos antibióticos aumentou a necessidade da exploração de compostos não antibióticos que têm atividade antibacteriana. A amlodipina é um composto não antibiótico com atividade anti-inflamatória. Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar o papel potencial da amlodipina no tratamento da rinossinusite, avaliando seus efeitos sobre o estado oxidativo do tecido, histologia da mucosa e inflamação. Método: Quinze cobaias albinas adultas foram inoculadas com Staphylococcus aureus e tratadas com solução salina, cefazolina ou amlodipina durante sete dias. O grupo controle incluiu cinco cobaias saudáveis. Os animais foram sacrificados após o tratamento. Alterações histopatológicas foram identificadas com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina. A inflamação foi avaliada pela densidade de infiltração de leucócitos polimorfonucleares. Foram determinados os níveis teciduais de antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, glutationa) e um produto de oxidação (malondialdeído). Resultados: Em animais com rinossinusite induzida, a amlodipina reduziu a perda dos cílios, edema da lâmina própria e deposição de colágeno em comparação com o grupo placebo (solução salina) e embora não seja superior à cefazolina, a amlodipina diminuiu a infiltração de leucócitos polimorfonucleares. Os níveis de atividade da superóxido dismutase e glutationa foram reduzidos, enquanto os níveis de malondialdeído aumentaram significativamente nos três grupos de tratamento em comparação ao grupo controle. O grupo tratado com amlodipina apresentou aumento significante dos níveis de superóxido dismutase e glutationa e diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído em comparação com todos os grupos de tratamento. Conclusão: O composto não antibiótico amlodipina pode ter um papel no tratamento da rinossinusite aguda através de mecanismos protetores de tecido, antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery. A systematic review

To review the use of cefazolin in prophylaxis of surgical wound infection (SSI) in bariatric surgery (BS). METHODS: A systematic review was performed from October to November, 2013 using the following databases: The Cochrane Library, Medline, LILACS, and EMBASE. The inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials and observational studies that were evaluated by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Nine hundred and sixty one titles were recovered after preliminary analysis (title and abstract), seven studies remained for final analysis. There were three clinical trials (one with SSI, and two with antibiotic levels as the outcome), and four were observational studies (three cohorts and one case-control, all had SSI as the outcome). After administration of 1g or 2 g, levels of cefazolin in serum and tissue were suboptimal according to two studies. Results from observational studies indicated that different antibiotics were used for prophylaxis of SSI in BS and that use of other drugs may be associated with higher rates of SSI. CONCLUSION: The use of cefazolin for surgical wound infection prophylaxis in bariatric surgery is recommended, however further studies are needed in order to refine parameters as initial dose, redose, moment of administration and lasting of prophylaxis.

Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance Among the Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Korean Patients with Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis: A Prospective and Nationwide Study

We investigated the risk factors for resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole in Escherichia coli isolates from urine of Korean female patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC). A total of 225 patients and their E. coli isolates were prospectively and nationwidely enrolled between May and October, 2006. All the antimicrobials did not show any differences according to the age group. A higher rate of ciprofloxacin resistance was observed in the south (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.19-7.80 for Chungcheong-do & Jeolla-do; OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.22-7.58 for Gyeongsang-do) compared to Gyeonggi-do. Two recurrences of AUC in the past year was an important risk factor for antimicrobial resistance (ciprofloxacin; OR: 6.71, 95% CI: 1.86-24.11 and cefazolin; OR: 5.72, 95% CI: 1.20-27.25). However, the resistance to co-trimoxazole and ampicillin was not associated with any of the risk factors. This study also revealed the pattern of multi-drugs resistance in ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli strains. In conclusion, for Korean patients with two more recurrences of AUC in the past year, it is strongly recommended to perform an antimicrobial sensitivity test with a urine sample before empirical treatment.

Resistencia antimicrobiana en la infección urinaria por Escherichia coli adquirida en la comunidad: ¿cuál antibiótico voy a usar? / Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections: what antimicrobial to use?

OBJETIVO: Determinar la resistencia del uropatógeno comunitario más frecuente, Escherichia coli, a diversos antimicrobianos y deducir opciones de manejo empírico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Del 14 de julio de 2005 al 13 julio de 2006 se estudiaron cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de urocultivos de pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa de la Clínica Nova y del Hospital San José, en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Se identificó la bacteria y se determinó susceptibilidad a antibióticos mediante método automatizado. Se compararon los resultados entre las dos instituciones y la frecuencia de resistencia a antimicrobianos entre mujeres de entre 15 a 50 años de edad y > 50. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 652 urocultivos: 303 (46.5 por ciento) de Clínica Nova y 349 (53.5 por ciento) del Hospital San José. Las cepas aisladas fueron resistentes a ampicilina, en 67.2 por ciento; a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, en 59.2 por ciento; a cefazolina, en 35.6 por ciento, y a ciprofloxacino, en 24.7 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La resistencia a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y ciprofloxacino, considerados de elección en el manejo empírico de las infecciones de vías urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad, es alta. Las opciones de manejo son pocas.

OBJECTIVE: Determine antibiotic resistance of community-acquired uropathogen Escherichia coli and infer therapeutic options. MATERIAL AND METHODS: E. coli strains isolated from urine during a one-year period were studied. Identification and susceptibility tests were performed. RESULTS: A total of 652 isolates were included from patients in two institutions, a healthcare clinic 303 (46.5 percent) and a hospital 349 ( 53.5 percent). The antimicrobials with higher resistance rates were ampicillin 67.2 percent, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole 59.2 percent, cefazolin 35.6 percent and ciprofloxacin 24.7 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin used for empiric treatment in community urinary infections is high, and there are few available treatment options.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica sin colocación de clips: experiecia en el Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo / Cholecystectomy laparoscopic without clips placement: experience in the Military Hospital

La colecistectomía laparoscópica es la técnica de primera elección en el tratamiento de la litiasis vesicular y de la colecistitis aguda; sin embargo, esta   técnica no esta exenta de complicaciones, las cuales alcanzan del 1 al 3 por ciento, estando relacionadas con lesiones térmicas, identificación inadecuada de estructuras anatómicas y migración de clips. El advenimiento de la energía ultrasónica y el uso de ella en la cirugía laparoscópica abren la posibilidad de disminuir el riesgo de lesiones. Se incluyeron 44 pacientes (31 mujeres y 13 hombres) los cuales fueron intervenidos con la utilización del bisturí armónico, desde noviembre de 2004 hasta noviembre de 2005 para evaluar los beneficios técnicos de la disección ultrasónica y su posible reducción de lesiones intraoperatorias. Se tomaron en cuenta el tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo de hospitalización y complicaciones. Se realizaron 27 colecistectomías de forma electiva y 17 emergencia. El promedio del tiempo de hospitalización fue 24 horas y el promedio del tiempo quirúrgico fue de 45 minutos. Solo se observó una complicación (2,7 por ciento) dada por una colección hemática (de 4 cm de diametro por tomografía) en el lecho hepático, producto del sangrado de este último y que se manejó de forma conservadora.

Uso de antibióticos en pacientes sometidos a apendidectomía: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: enero de 2001 diciembre de 2004 / Use of antibiotics in patients undergoing appendicectomy: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: january 2001-december 2004

Los antibióticos (ATB) previenen las complicaciones infecciosas post-apendicectomías. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de 220 casos de apendicectomías en el Hospital "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz" desde enero 2001 a diciembre 2004, cuyo objetivo fue determinar el tipo de ATB momento de colocación, duración y coincidencia preoperatoria (ATB-pre) y postoperatoria (ATB-post). El ATB-pre fue administrado un 62,73 por ciento; 2 horas antes de cirugía 48,92 por ciento. El 99,55 por ciento recibió ATB-post durante 3,31 días en promedio. La cefazolina fue el ATB-pre (34,78 por ciento) y ATB-post (16,82 por ciento) mas frecuente. En el 36,96 por ciento coincidieron ATB-pre y ATB-post, el 34,05 por ciento aumento y un 28,26 por ciento cambio totalmente el ATB-post.

Childhood shigellosis at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand: a 5-year review (1996-2000).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the demographic data and clinical presentation of childhood shigellosis, and to study the microbiological data and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Shigella spp. Nine thousand nine hundred fourteen stool culture specimens from children aged 0-15 years who were treated at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between 1996 and 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected from microbiological records and medical charts of childhood shigellosis in terms of demographic data, symptoms, signs, and complications of the patients, and the species and antimicrobial susceptibilities of the organisms. The data were analyzed in terms of means, ranges, and percentages. Of 1,523 children whose stool cultures were positive for pathogenic bacteria, 80 (5.3%) were infected with Shigella spp; 34 females and 46 males. The age distribution ranged from 1 day to 13 years with a mean age of 3.6 years. Common clinical presentations included diarrhea (96.6%), fever (77.6%) and vomiting (44.8%); seizures were the most common complication found (27.6%). Watery and mucous were the most common characteristics of stools. The major Shigella spp found was S. sonnei (62.8%), which was susceptible to co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, cefazolin and ciprofloxacin in 2.3, 84.1, 100 and 100%, respectively. A short course of quinolones or oral cephalosporins should be recommended for the treatment of childhood shigellosis in areas with low susceptibility rates to co-trimoxazole and ampicillin.

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates in gingivitis and periodontitis.

The present study was conducted to isolate aerobic as well as anaerobic microbes from patients of gingivitis and adult periodontitis and to study the susceptibility patterns of these isolates to different antibiotics. In our study all the samples belonging to the control as well as the study groups yielded microbes. Aerobes and facultative anaerobes were isolated from 100 percent and 96 percent cases of normal gingiva and orodental infections respectively. Anaerobes were isolated from 80 percent of the normal gingival samples and 97 percent of the cases of orodental infections. Metronidazole was found to be the best for the anaerobes while the aerobes and facultative anaerobes showed good susceptibility to cefazolin and cefotaxime.

Increasing minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin for Salmonella typhi.

Cefazolin resistance was observed in the disc diffusion method of antibiotic susceptibility testing of Salmonella typhi strains isolated from January to June 1999. Eighty six multi drug resistant (MDR) isolates were studied. Of these, 46 (53.5%) were found resistant to cefazolin by the disc diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefazolin was determined for the 86 isolates of S. typhi by the agar dilution method. MIC of these strains ranged from 1.0 to 64.0 micrograms/ml. In comparison, 25 MDR S. typhi strains isolated between 1994-1998 (5 per year) also tested by the same method, gave MIC values of 0.5 to 4.0 micrograms/ml. Our findings indicate a definite upward shift in MIC of cefazolin to MDR S. typhi since 1999. This needs to be monitored since the second, third and fourth generation cephalosporins are therapeutic options for typhoid fever.

Profilaxis antimicrobiana en cesárea segmentaria / Prophylactic antimicrobial in cesarean segmentary

Este trabajo comparó la eficacia global y el costo de dos regímenes profilácticos en cesárea segmentaria de 110 pacientes distribuidas en dos grupos iguales. El grupo 1 recibió cefazolina sódica en dosis intraoperatoria única, mientras que el grupo 2 fue tratado con penicilina cristalina y amikacina, administradas durante el postoperatorio, hasta su egreso (dos días en promedio). No hubo diferencias integrupales significativas en relación con el diagnóstico preoperatorío, caracteristicas personales y procedencia de las pacientes, así como aspectos obstétricos, criterios de repetición de cesárea y aparición de infección. El empleo de una dosis antimicrobiana única mostró ventajas en cuanto a la organización del personal de enfermería, reducción de costos de farmacia y comodidad de la paciente

Conceptos actuales sobre profilaxis antibiótica para endocarditis bacteriana en odontología / Current concepts on antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis in dentistry

La prescripción profiláctica de antibióticos para evitar el desarrollo de endocarditis bacteriana (EB) es una actvidad relativamente común en la práctica odontológica. Aunque esta infección es poco frecuente, la mortalidad sigue siendo alta y su asociación con la práctica dental es bien conocida, de ahí que la responsabilidad del clínico deba orientarse hacia su prevención. En este trabajo se discutirán los factores que deben considerarse para tomar la decisión de dar o no profilaxia antibiótica; entre dichos factores destacan la susceptibilidad del paciente para sufrir EB, el tipo de procedimiento dental a realizar y los esquemas profilácticos y sus variantes, recomendados por la Asociación Americana del Corazón con el aval de la Asociación Dental Americana

Consumo de antimicrobianos y variación de resistencia de bacilos Gram negativos en un período de diez años: Hospital San Juan de Dios, Chile / Consumption of antimicrobials and variation of Gram negative bacilli resistance in a 10 years period: Hospital San Juan de Dios, Chile

El problema de la resistencia bacteriana a antimicrobianos presenta una elevada prevalencia, con serias implicancias desde el nivel de salud pública hasta los resultados de la terapia individual. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron estudiar niveles de resistencia y su relación con el consumo de antimicrobianos de uso libre (ampicilina, gentamicina) y restringido (amikacina, cefazolina, cefotaxima) en bacilos gram negativos (E. Coli, K. pneumoniae, proteus sp., P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii) en el período de 1987 a 1997 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. E. coli incrementó su resistencia a ampicilina y cefazolina, relacionado a un aumento en su consumo. Presentó baja resistencia a aminoglicósidos y antibioticos de uso restringido y poca variación de ésta a pesar de variar su consumo. La resistencia de K. pneumoniae a gentamicina disminuyó significativamente la última década, asociada a disminución en su consumo. Para cefotaxima y amikacina hubo relación entre resistencia y consumo de antimicrobianos. La resistencia de proteus sp disminuyó para antibióticos de uso libre como ampicilina, y gentamicina, esta última en clara relación con el consumo. P. aeruginosa mostró baja resistencia a amikacina y alta a gentamicina, mientras que A. baumannii presentó alta resistencia a ambas. La existencia de factores no considerados en el estudio, tales como la velocidad variable de adquisición de resistencia, características de cada paciente, medidas epidemiológicas implementadas y ocurrencia de epidemias, nos impide descartar la existencia de una fuerte relación causal entre consumo y resistencia. Tal relación es avalada en diversos estudios mediante una asociación consistente, una variación concurrente, un patrón dosis - respuesta y la presencia de un modelo biológico que explica el fenómeno. Junto a las medidas de control de infecciones, la clave para combatir la resistencia bacteriana es el uso prudente de antimicrobianos. La monitorización del consumo de antibióticos en el nivel hospitalario (mediante el DDD) y de las variaciones en la resistencia a éstos, permite implementar estrategias eficientes de manejo del problema

Etiología y factores predisponentes en úlceras corneales infecciosas / Etiology and predisponent factors in infectious corneal ulcers

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el número de pacientes con sospecha clínica de una úlcera corneal bacteriana o micótica que consultaron en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital del Salvador en un período de nueve meses, la frecuencia de aislamiento de bacterias y hongos en este tipo de pacientes, y la proporción relativa de los distintos agentes aislados. Se presentaron 52 casos de úlceras corneales con sospechas etiológica bacteriana o micótica entre los meses de mayo de 1993 y enero de 1994. En 36 de los 52 casos (69,2 por ciento) el cultivo fue positivo para bacterias u hongos. Los agentes más frecuentemente involucrados en úlceras corneales bacterianas fueron streptococcus pneumoniae (44,1 por ciento), staphylococcus aureus (14,7 por ciento) y moraxella sp. (14,7 por ciento). Se aislaron hongos en el 5,5 por ciento de los casos. Las condiciones oculares asociadas al desarrollo de úlceras corneales bacterianas más frecuentes fueron una enfermedad de la superficie ocular preexistente (44,1 por ciento), trauma corneal (42,1 po ciento) y uso de lentes de contacto (8,8 por ciento)

Streptococcus pyogenes: susceptibilidad in vitro a diversos antimicrobianos en dos períodos / Streptococcus pyogenes: in vitro susceptibility to several antimicrobials in 2 periods

The frequency of Streptococcus pyogenes infections with deep tissue and toxic shock syndrome has increased in the last decade throughout the world. Aim: to compare antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pyogenes strains isolated during 1986 and 1994-95. Eighty two S. pyogenes strains isolated in 1986 and 67 strains isolated in 1994-1995, were studied. MIC 50 and 90 were determined by an agar dilution method for penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, erythromicin. roxithromycin and miocamycin. Eighty eight strains came from skin of soft tissues, 19 from surgical wounds, 18 from invasive infections, 15 from pharyngeal swabs and 9 from other locations. All strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, roxithromycin and miocamycin. Ninety nine percent of strains were susceptibel to erythromycin. Strains isolated in 1994-95 had a higher MIC 50 and 90 for erythromycin than those isolated in 1986. The changes in susceptibility to erythromycin of recently isolated strains could be due to the widespread use of macrolides in Chile

Sensibilidad antimicrobiana de streptococcus agalactiae / Antimicrobial sensibility of streptococcus agalactiae

Se estudió la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) de 9 antimicrobianos frente a 59 cepas de Streptococcus agalacitiae, aisladas como colonizantes vaginales o de procesos infecciosos de adultos o recién nacidos en los Hospitales San Juan de Dios y San Borja-Arriarán. La totalidad de las cepas fueron sensibles a penicilina, ampicilina, cefazolina, cefuroxima y cloranfenicol. Con la excepción de una cepa (1,7 por ciento), todas fueron sensibles a clindamicina y eritromicina. Todas las cepas fueron resistentes a gentamicina. En relación a tetraciclina, hubo 36 (61 por ciento) cepas resistente. De acuerdo a estos resultados, las cepas aisladas en dos hospitales de Santiago, muestran alta susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro a antimicrobianos de indicación clínica

Susceptibility of clinical isolates to cephalexin, cefazolin and cefotaxime.

Three hundred and seventeen recent clinical isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility to the three cephalosporins available in India--cephalexin, cefazolin and cefotaxime by the Kirby--Bauer disc diffusion method. Cefazolin was the most effective cephalosporin against Gram positive cocci (71.8% sensitive) followed by cefotaxime (62.7%) and cephalexin (52.7%). Cefotaxime was very effective against commonly isolated Gram negative bacilli with only 10 (8.8%) isolates being resistant to it while 44 (39%) and 65 (57.5%) were resistant to cefazolin and cephalexin, respectively. All isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to cephalexin and cefazolin and only 29 (32.6%) were sensitive to cefotaxime.